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Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
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Circle of Friends or Members of a Group? Sex Differences in Relational and Collective Attachment to Groups

Elizabeth A. Seeley

Amherst College, e-seeley{at}northwestern.edu

Wendi L. Gardner

Northwestern University

Ginger Pennington

University of Chicago

Shira Gabriel

SUNY Buffalo

In the current investigation, we studied sex differences in belonging needs by exploring men's and women's attachment to groups. Previous work has shown that women's social needs tend to be expressed in terms of relational bonds, whereas men's also have a strong collective component (e.g. Gabriel & Gardner, 1999). In this research, we asked men and women to consider one of their important group memberships and to complete Prentice, Miller, and Lightdale's (1994) group attachment scales. In two studies, findings showed that the extent to which a woman was relationally attached (i.e. felt close to the other members of her group) was sufficient to explain the group's importance to her. In contrast, men's ratings of group importance depended upon the extent of both relational and collective attachment (i.e.attached to the group identity). Implications for real-world groups are discussed.

Key Words: belongingness • group attachment • human sex differences • interdependence • social interaction

Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, Vol. 6, No. 3, 251-263 (2003)
DOI: 10.1177/13684302030063003
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 Group Processes Intergroup RelationsHome page
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Group Processes Intergroup Relations, April 1, 2005; 8(2): 159 - 171.
[Abstract] [PDF]