Group Processes & Intergroup Relations

 

Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Chiu, C.-y.
Right arrow Articles by Lee, V. S.-l.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?
Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, Vol. 1, No. 1, 81-96 (1998)
DOI: 10.1177/1368430298011007
© 1998 SAGE Publications

Stereotyping and Self-Presentation: Effects of Gender Stereotype Activation

Chi-yue Chiu

Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, cychiu{at}hkusua.hku.hk

Ying-yi Hong

The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Ivy Ching-man Lam

The University of Hong Kong

Jeanne Ho-Ying Fu

The University of Hong Kong

Jennifer Yuk-yue Tong

The University of Hong Kong

Venus Sau-lai Lee

The University of Hong Kong

Recent research has shown that the presence of stereotype-relevant environmental cues can inadvertently bias people's judgments of others in the direction of the stereotype. The present research demonstrated analogous activation effects on self-stereotyping. In two experiments, the effects of stereotype activation on the tendencies to stereotype others and to self-stereotype were examined. Experiment 1 tested whether incidental exposure to gender-related materials might activate gender stereotypes and hence affect perception of another person. Experiment 2 investigated gender stereotype activation effects on female and male high school students' self-presentation behaviors. The results showed that incidental exposure to stereotype-relevant environmental cues increased both stereotyping and self-stereotyping tendencies. The findings were discussed in terms of their implications for understanding the basic principles of knowledge activation and application, and for reducing stereotyping and self-stereotyping.

Key Words: gender • self-stereotyping • stereotyping

References

  • Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1994). Implicit stereotyping and prejudice. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario Symposium (Vol. 7, pp. 55-76). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1995). Implicit gender stereotyping and judgments of fame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 181-198.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Banaji, M. R., & Hardin, C. (1996). Automatic stereotyping. Psychological Science, 7, 136-141.[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Banaji, M. R., Hardin, C., & Rothman, A. J. (1993). Implicit stereotyping in person judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 272-281.[CrossRef]
  • Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88, 354-364.[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Blair, I. V., & Banaji, M. R. (1996). Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1142-1163.[CrossRef]
  • Brewer, M. B. (1996). When stereotypes lead to stereotyping: The use of stereotypes in person perception. In C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 254-275). New York: Guilford.
  • Brewer, M. B., & Harasty, A. S. (1996). Seeing groups as entities: The role of perceiver motivation. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: The interpersonal context (Vol. 3, pp. 247-370). New York: Guilford.
  • Brown, R., Hinkle, S., Ely, P. G., Fox-Cardamone, L., Maras, P., & Taylor, L. A. (1992). Recognizing group diversity: Individualist-collectivist and autonomous-relational social orientations and their implications for intergroup processes. British Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 327-342.
  • Cheung, K-H. (1996). Effects of gender priming on memory of social information. Unpublished undergraduate thesis, University of Hong Kong.
  • Devine, P. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
  • Dovidio, J. F., Evans, N., & Tyler, R. B. (1986). Racial stereotypes: The contents of their cognitive representations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 22-37.
  • Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 735-754.[CrossRef]
  • Fazio, R. H.,Jackson, R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pineline?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013-1027.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Fiske, S. T., & Morling, B. (1996). Stereotyping as a function of personal control motives and capacity constraints: The odd couple of power and anxiety. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: The interpersonal context (Vol. 3, pp. 322-346). New York: Guilford.
  • Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Herr, P. M. (1986). Consequences of priming: Judgment and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1106-1115.[CrossRef]
  • Higgins, E. T. (1996). Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 133-168). New York: Guilford.
  • Hogg, M. A., & Turner, J. C. (1987). Intergroup behaviour, self-stereotyping and the salience of social categories. British Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 325-340.
  • Hong, Y., Chiu, C., & Kung, M. (1997). Bringing culture out in front: Effects of cultural meaning system activation on social cognition. In K. Leung, Y. Kashima, U. Kim, & S. Yamaguchi (Eds.), Progress in Asian social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 139-150). Singapore: Wiley.
  • Krtuglanski, A. W., & Fretund, T. (1983). The freezing and unfreezing of lay-inferences: Effects on impression primacy, ethnic stereotyping, and numerical anchoring. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 448-468.[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Lee, S-L., & Chitn, C. (1997, May). Stereotyping and self-stereotyping: Effects of gender schema activation on liking. Poster presented at the American Psychological Society Annual Convention, Washington, DC.
  • Locke, V., MacLeod, C., & Walker, I. (1994). Automatic and controlled activation of stereotypes: Individual differences associated with prejudice. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 29-46.[ISI]
  • Lorenzi-Cioldi, F. (1991). Self-stereotyping and self-enhancement in gender groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 403-417.
  • Macrae, C. N., BodenhaLlsen-, C. V., Milne, A. B., & Jetten, J. (1994). Out of mind but back in sight: Stereotypes on the rebound. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 808-817.[CrossRef]
  • Macrae, C. N., Milne, A. B., & Bodenhauisen, G. V. (1994). Stereotypes as energy-saving devices: A peek inside the cognitive toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 37-47.[CrossRef]
  • Macrae, C. N., Stangor, C., & Milne, A. B. (1994). Activating social stereotypes: A functional analysis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 370-389.[CrossRef]
  • Major, B., & Adams, J. B. (1983). Role of gender, interpersonal orientation, and self-presentation in distributive-justice behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 598-608.[CrossRef]
  • Markus, H., Crane, M., Bernstein, S., & Siladi, M. (1982). Self-schemas and gender. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 38-50.[CrossRef]
  • Morris, M. W., & Peng, K. (1994). Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 949-971.[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Nelson, T. E., Acker, M., & Manis, M. (1996). Irrepressible stereotypes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 13-38.[CrossRef]
  • Newman, L. S., Duff, K. J., Hedberg, D. A., & Blitstein, J. (1996). Rebound effects in impression formation: Assimilation and contrast effects following thought suppression. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 460-483.[CrossRef]
  • Paulhus, D. L. (1984). Two-component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 598-609.[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Pendry, L. F., & Macrae, C. N. (1994). Stereotypes and mental life: The case of the motivated but thwarted tactician. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 303-325.[CrossRef]
  • Perdue, C. W., & Gurtman, M. B. (1990). Evidence for the automaticity of ageism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 199-216.[CrossRef]
  • Skrypnek, B. J., & Snyder, M. (1982). On the self-perpetuating nature of stereotypes about women and men. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18, 277-291.[CrossRef]
  • Simon, B., & Hamilton, B. (1994). Self-stereotyping and social context: The effects of relative in-group size and in-group status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 699-711.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Swap, W. C., & Rubin, J. Z. (1983). Measurement of interpersonal orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 208-219.[CrossRef]
  • Tolman, A. E., Diekman, K. A., & McCartney, K. (1989). Social connectedness and mothering: Effects of maternal employment and maternal absence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 942-949.[CrossRef]
  • Vancouver, J. B., & Ilgen, D. R. (1989). Effects of interpersonal orientation and the sex-type of the task on choosing to work alone or in groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 927-934.

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Group Processes Intergroup RelationsHome page
J. I. Krueger, J. H. Hall, P. Villano, and M. C. Jones
Attribution and Categorization Effects in the Representation of Gender Stereotypes
Group Processes Intergroup Relations, July 1, 2008; 11(3): 401 - 414.
[Abstract] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Chiu, C.-y.
Right arrow Articles by Lee, V. S.-l.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?