Group Processes & Intergroup Relations

 

Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

Click here to browse PSPB online!

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Crisp, R. J.
Right arrow Articles by Turner, R. N.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
 Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?
Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, Vol. 10, No. 1, 9-26 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/1368430207071337
© 2007 SAGE Publications

Seeing Red or Feeling Blue: Differentiated Intergroup Emotions and Ingroup Identification in Soccer Fans

Richard J. Crisp

University of Birmingham, r.crisp{at}bham.ac.uk

Sarah Heuston

University of Birmingham

Matthew J. Farr

Loughborough University

Rhiannon N. Turner

University of Birmingham

In this study we examined how social identity threat, contextualized as soccer fans’ reactions to their team’s success or failure, can lead to differentiated emotional expression as a function of ingroup identification. We predicted that negative responses to threat (a team losing a match) would be qualitatively differentiated for lower and higher ingroup identifiers in terms of both emotions and action tendencies. English male soccer fans were tested in three sessions (following matches resulting in two losses and one win). The findings supported the hypotheses: following match losses lower identifiers felt sad but not angry, whereas higher identifiers felt angry but not sad. These qualitatively different negative emotional reactions to match loss mediated reported action tendencies. We discuss how these findings support intergroup emotions theory and the predictive utility of social identification in discerning differentiated emotional and behavioral reactions to intergroup threat.

Key Words: intergroup emotions • social identity

References

  • Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (1988). Comments on the motivational status of selfesteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination . European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 317-334 .
  • Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (1998). Prospects for research in group processes and intergroup relations . Group Processes Intergroup Relations, 1, 7-20 .[Abstract]
  • Aitken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple Regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. London: Sage .
  • BBC News Online (2005). City’s tribute to bombing victims. Retrieved November 29, 2005 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_yorkshire/4682739.stm.
  • Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 135-149 .[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Branscombe, N., & Wann, D. (1994). Collective self-esteem consequences of outgroup derogation when a valued social identity is on trial . European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 641-657 .[ISI]
  • Branscombe, N. R., Wann, D. L., Noel, J. G., & Coleman, J. (1993) In-group or out-group extremity: Importance of the threatened social identity . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 381-388 .[Abstract]
  • Brown, R., & Williams, J. (1984). Group identification: The same thing to all people ? Human Relations, 7, 547-564 .
  • Cialdini, R. B., Borden, R. J., Thorne, A., Walker, M. R., Freeman, S. & Sloan, L. R. (1976). Basking in reflected glory: Three football field studies . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 366-375 .[CrossRef]
  • Crisp, R. J. (2006). Commitment and categorization in common ingroup contexts. In R. J. Crisp & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Multiple social categorization: Processes, models and applications (pp. 90-111). Hove, E. Sussex, UK: Psychology Press (Taylor & Francis) .
  • Crisp, R. J., Ensari, N., Hewstone, M., & Miller, N. (2002). A dual-route model of crossed categorization effects. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 35-74). Philadelphia: Psychology Press .
  • Crisp, R. J., & Hewstone, M. (2006). Multiple social categorization: Context, process, and social consequences. In R. J. Crisp & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Multiple social categorization: Processes, models and applications (pp. 3-22). Hove, E. Sussex, UK: Psychology Press (Taylor & Francis) .
  • Crisp, R. J., Stone, C. H., & Hall, N. R. (2006). Recategorization and subgroup identification: Predicting and preventing threats from common ingroups . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 230-243 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Devos, T., Silver, L. A., Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (2002). Experiencing intergroup emotions. In D. M. Mackie & E. R. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups (pp. 113-134). Philadelphia: Psychology Press .
  • Doosje, B., Ellemers, N., & Spears, R. (1995). Perceived intragroup variability as a function of group status and identification . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 410-436 .[CrossRef]
  • Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (1997). Sticking together or falling apart: In-group identification as a psychological determinant of group commitment versus individual mobility . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 617-626 .[CrossRef]
  • Ellemers, N., van Knippenberg, A., & Wilke, H. A. (1990). The influence of permeability of group boundaries and stability of group status on strategies of individual mobility and social change . British Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 233-246 .
  • Ellemers, N., Wilke, H., & van Knippenberg, A. (1993). Effects of the legitimacy of low group or individual status on individual and collective status-enhancement strategies . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 766-778 .[CrossRef]
  • Fédération Internationale de Football Association. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2005, from http://www.fifa.com/en/organisation/presidentsection/0,1650,2,00.html.
  • Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press .
  • Hinkle, S., & Brown, R. (1990). Intergroup comparisons and social identity: Some links and lacunae. In D. Abrams & M. Hogg (Eds.), Social identity theory: Constructive and critical advances. Hemel Hempstead, UK: Harvester Wheatsheaf .
  • Hirt, E. R., Zillmann, D., Erickson, G. A., & Kennedy, C. (1992). Costs and benefits of allegiance: Change in fans’ self-ascribed competencies after team victory versus defeat . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 724-738 .[CrossRef]
  • Hogg, M. A., & Abrams, D. (1988). Social identifications: A social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes. London: Routledge .
  • Hogg, M. A., & Abrams, D. (1990). Social motivation, self-esteem, and social identity. In D. Abrams & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Social identity theory: Constructive and critical advances (pp. 28-47). Hemel Hempstead, UK: Harvester Wheatsheaf .
  • Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., Spears, R., & McKimmie, B. M. (2003). Predicting the paths of peripherals: The interaction of identification and future possibilities . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 130-140 .[Abstract]
  • Jetten, J., Spears, R., & Postmes, T. (2004). Intergroup distinctiveness and differentiation: A meta-analytic integration . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 862-879 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992). A collective self-esteem scale: Self - evaluation of one’s social identity . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 302-318 .[Abstract]
  • Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith., E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 602-616 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Mandel, D. R. (2003). Counterfactuals, emotions, and context . Cognition and emotion, 17, 139-159 .[CrossRef]
  • Marsh, P., Fox, K., Carnibella, G., McCann, J., & Marsh, J., (1996). Football violence in Europe. Amsterdam: The Amsterdam Group .
  • Marsh, P., Rosser, E., & Harré, R. (1978). The rules of disorder. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul .
  • Martinot, D., Redersdorff, S., Guimond, S., & Dif, S. (2002). Ingroup versus outgroup comparisons and self-esteem: The role of group status and ingroup identification . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1586-1600 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Neuberg, S. L., & Cottrell, C. A. (2002). Intergroup emotions: A biocultural approach. In D. M. Mackie & E. R. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups (pp. 265-283). Philadelphia: Psychology Press .
  • Redersdorff, S., & Martinot, D. (2003). Impact of upward and downward social comparisons on self-esteem: Importance of activated identity . Annee Psychologique, 103, 411-443 .
  • Reicher, S. (1996). ‘The Crowd’ century: Reconciling practical success with theoretical failure . British Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 535-553 .
  • Roese, N. J. (1997). Counterfactual thinking . Psychological Bulletin, 121, 133-148 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Silver, L. A., Miller, D. A., Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (2001). The nature of intergroup emotions. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Santa Barbara.
  • Sloan, L. R. (1989). The motives of sports fans. In J. D. Goldstein (Ed.), Sports, games, and play: Social and psychosocial viewpoints (pp. 175-240). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum .
  • Smith, E. R. (1993). Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualizations of prejudice. In D. L. Hamilton & D. M. Mackie (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (pp. 297-315). San Diego, CA: Academic Press .
  • Smith, E. R. (1999). Affective and cognitive implications of a group becoming a part of the self: New models of prejudice and of the self-concept. In D. Abrams & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Social identity and social cognition (pp. 183-196). Malden, MA: Blackwell .
  • Snyder, C. R., Lassegard, M., & Ford, C. E. (1986). Distancing after group success and failure: Basking in reflected glory and cutting off reflected failure . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 382-388 .[CrossRef]
  • Spears, R., Doosje, B., & Ellemers, N. (1997). Self stereotyping in the face of threats to group status and distinctiveness: The role of group identification . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 538-553 .[Abstract]
  • Spears, R., Doosje, B., & Ellemers, N. (1999). Commitment and context in the social perception. In N. Ellemers, R. Spears, & B. Doosje (Eds.), Social identity: context, commitment, content. (pp. 59-83). Oxford, UK: Blackwell .
  • Spears, R., Jetten, J., & Scheepers, D. (2002). Distinctiveness and the definition of collective self: A tripartite model. In A. Tesser, D. A. Stapel, & J. V. Wood (Eds.), Self and motivation: Emerging psychological perspectives (pp. 147-171). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association .
  • Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test-performance of African-Americans . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Stott, C., Hutchison, P., & Drury, J. (2001). ‘Hooligans’ abroad? Inter-group dynamics, social identity and participation in collective ‘disorder’ at the 1998 World Cup Finals . British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 359-384 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Stott, C. J., & Adang, O. M. J. (2004, June) ‘Disorderly’ conduct: Social psychology and the control of football ‘hooliganism’ at ‘Euro2004’. The Psychologist, 318-319.
  • Stott, C. J., & Drury, J. (2000). Crowds, context and identity: Dynamic categorization processes in the ‘poll tax riot’ . Human Relations, 53, 247-273 .[Abstract]
  • Stott, C. J., & Reicher, S. D. (1998a). How conflict escalates: The inter-group dynamics of collective football crowd ‘violence’ . Sociology, 32, 353-377 .[Abstract]
  • Stott, C. J., & Reicher, S. D. (1998b). Crowd action as inter-group process: Introducing the police perspective . European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 509-529 .[CrossRef]
  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-48). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole .
  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), The psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall .
  • Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (Eds.) (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, UK: Blackwell .
  • Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1990). Die-hard and fair-weather fans: Effects of identification on BIRGing and CORFing tendencies . Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 14, 103-117 .[Abstract]
  • Wann, D. L., Carlson, J. D., & Schrader, M. P. (1999). The impact of team identification on the hostile and instrumental verbal aggression of sports spectators . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 14, 279-286 .
  • Wann, D. L., Dolan, T. J., McGeorge, K. K., & Allison, J. A. (1994). Relationships between spectator identification and spectators’ perceptions of influence, spectators’ emotions, and competition outcome . Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16, 347-364 .
  • Wann, D. L., Hunter, J. L., Ryan, J. A., & Wright, L. A. (2001). The relationship between team identification and willingness of sports fans to consider illegally assisting their team . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 29, 531-536 .[CrossRef]
  • Wann, D. L., Peterson, R. R., Cothran, C., & Dykes, M. (1999). Sport fan aggression and anonymity: The importance of team identification . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 27, 597-602 .[CrossRef]
  • Yzerbyt, V., Dumont, M., Wigboldus, D., & Gordijn, E. (2003). I feel for us: The impact of categorization and identification on emotions and action tendencies . British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 533-549 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?



This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Crisp, R. J.
Right arrow Articles by Turner, R. N.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
 Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?