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Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, Vol. 5, No. 4, 285-297 (2002)
DOI: 10.1177/1368430202005004002
© 2002 SAGE Publications

In-Group Favoritism and Self-Esteem: The Role of Identity Level and Trait Valence

Maykel Verkuyten

Utrecht University, M.Verkuyten{at}fss.uu.nl

Louk Hagendoorn

Utrecht University

The self-esteem hypothesis in intergroup relations is a continuing source of controversy. The present study aims to clarify some of the divergence in findings by means of self-categorization theory and by looking at the positive-negative asymmetry in social discrimination. The focus is on the level of identity (personal as well as national) and in-group favoritism in the positive and negative domain. In an experimental questionnaire study among Dutch participants, personal self-esteem was found to predict in-group favoritism when personal identity was salient, whereas national self-esteem was found to be a predictor when national identity was salient. These effects were found for the negative trait dimension, but not for the positive one. In addition, in-group favoritism on positive traits was seen to lead to a momentary increase of self-esteem, whereas in-group favoritism on negative traits led to decreased momentary self-esteem. These outcomes for self-esteem were found under the condition of national identity salience.

Key Words: self-esteem • group relations • identity level

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