Group Processes & Intergroup Relations

 

Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Ensari, N.
Right arrow Articles by Miller, N.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?
Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, Vol. 7, No. 1, 55-75 (2004)
DOI: 10.1177/1368430204039973
© 2004 SAGE Publications

Negative Affect and Political Sensitivity in Crossed Categorization: Self-Reports versus EMG

Nurcan Ensari

Alliant International University

Jared B. Kenworthy

Lynn Urban

Carrie J. Canales

Eduardo Vasquez

Deanah Kim

Norman Miller

University of Southern California

We experimentally examined the effects of negative integral affect on preferences among the double in-group (ii), crossed (io and oi), and double out-group (oo) targets of the crossed categorization paradigm. We used insults from members of politically sensitive vs. non-sensitive out-group categories of a crossed target (Oi) to induce affect. Dependent measures included self-reports and a psycho-physiological measure of affect (facial electromyography, EMG). Under no insult, participants conformed to social desirability pressure and favorably evaluated targets with a politically sensitive out-group membership, whereas facial EMG measures indicated greater negativity toward those same targets. Negativity of self-report and facial EMG measures converged, however, when members of a politically sensitive out-group category had provided hostility-justifying insults.

Key Words: crossed categorization • EMG • insult • intergroup • negative affect • political sensitivity • self-reports

References

  • Abelson, R. (1995). Attitude extremity. In R. Petty & J. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences. Ohio State University series on attitudes and persuasion(Vol. 4, pp. 25–41). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum .
  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction and social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Bodenhausen, G. V. (1993). Emotions, arousal, and stereotypic judgments: A heuristic model of affect and stereotyping. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception(pp. 13–37). San Diego, CA: Academic Press .
  • Brewer, M. B., Ho, H. K., Lee, J. Y., & Miller, N. (1987). Social identity and social distance among Hong Kong schoolchildren . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13, 156–165 .[Abstract]
  • Bush, L. K., Hess, U., & Wolford, G. (1993). Transformations for within-subjects designs: A Monte Carlo investigation . Psychological Bulletin, 113, 566–579 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Losch, M. E, & Kim, H. S. (1986). Electromyographic activity over facial muscle regions can differentiate the valence and intensity of affective reactions . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 260–268 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Crisp, R. J., & Hewstone, M. (1999). Differential evaluation of crossed category groups: Patterns, processes, and reducing intergroup bias . Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 2, 303–333 .
  • Crisp, R., & Hewstone, M. (2000). Crossed categorization and intergroup bias. The moderating roles of intergroup and affective context . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 357–383 .[CrossRef]
  • Crisp, R. J., & Hewstone, M. (2001). Multiple categorization and implicit intergroup bias: Differential category dominance and the positivenegative asymmetry effect . European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 45-62 .
  • Crisp, R. J., Hewstone, M., & Rubin, M. (2001). Does multiple categorization reduce intergroup bias? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 76-89 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Crosby, F., Bromley, S., & Saxe, L. (1980). Recent unobtrusive studies of African American and White discrimination and prejudice: A literature review . Psychological Bulletin, 87, 546–563 .[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Deschamps, J. C., & Doise, W. (1978). Crossed category memberships in intergroup relations. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups(pp. 141–158). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
  • Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5–18 .
  • Devine, P. G., Evett, S. R., & Vasquez-Suson, K. A. (1996). Exploring the interpersonal dynamics of intergroup contact. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Vol. 3. The interpersonal context(pp. 423–464). New York: Guilford .
  • Devine, P. G., Monteith, M. J., Zuwerink, J. R., & Elliot, A. J. (1991). Prejudice with and without compunction . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 817–830 .[CrossRef]
  • Dill, J. C., & Anderson, C. A. (1995). Effects of frustration justification on hostile aggression . Aggressive Behavior, 21, 359–369 .
  • Dimberg, U. (1990). Facial electromyographic reactions and autonomic activity to auditory stimuli . Biological Psychology, 31, 137–147 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Dovidio. J. F., & Fazio, R. H. (1992). New technologies for the direct and indirect assessment of attitudes. In J. M. Tanur (Ed.), Questions about questions: Inquiries into the cognitive bases of surveys(pp. 204–237). New York: Russell Sage Foundation .
  • Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1986). Prejudice, discrimination, and racism: Historical trends and contemporary approaches. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism(pp. 1–34). Orlando, FL: Academic Press .
  • Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1991). Changes in the expression and assessment of racial prejudice. In H. J. Knopke & R. J. Norrell (Eds.), Opening doors: Perspectives on race relations in contemporary America(pp. 119–148). Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press .
  • Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., Johnson, C., Johnson, B., & Howard, A. (1997). On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 510–540 .[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Ekman, P., Davidson, R. J., & Friesen, W. V. (1990). The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain physiology: II . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 342–353 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Ensari, N., & Miller, N. (1998). Effect of affective reactions by an out-group on preferences for crossed categorization discussion partners . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1503–1527 .[CrossRef]
  • Ensari, N., & Miller, N. (2001). Decategorization and the reduction of bias in the crossed categorization paradigm . European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 193–216 .
  • Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013–1027 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229–238 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Fridlund, A. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Guidelines for human electromyographic research . Psychophysiology, 23, 567–589 .[ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Fridlund, A. J., Schwartz, G. E., & Fowler, S. C. (1984). Pattern recognition of self-reported emotional state from multiple-site facial EMG activity during affective imagery . Psychophysiology, 21, 622–637 .[ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Greenwald, A., McGhee, D., & Schwartz, J. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Hagendoorn, L., & Henke, R. (1991). The effect of multiple category membership on intergroup evaluations in a north Indian context: Class, caste, and religion . British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 247–260 .
  • Hall, J. A., & Rosenthal, R. (1995). Interpreting and evaluating meta-analysis . Evaluation and the Health Professions, 18, 393–407 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Henderson-King, E. I., & Nisbett, R. E. (1996). Anti-Black prejudice as a function of exposure to the negative behavior of a single Black person . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 654–664 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Judd, C. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1981). Process analysis: Estimating mediation in treatment evaluations . Evaluation Review, 5, 602–619 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Judd, C. M., Park, B., Ryan, C. S., Brauer, M., & Kraus, S. (1995). Stereotypes and ethnocentrism: Diverging interethnic perceptions of African American and White American youth . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 460–481 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Kenworthy, J. B., Canales, C. J., Weaver, K. D., & Miller, N. (2003). Negative incidental affect and mood congruency in crossed categorization . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 195–219 .
  • McHugo, G. J., Smith, C. A., & Lanzetta, J. T. (1982). The structure of self-reports of emotional responses to film segments . Motivation and Emotion, 6, 365–385 .[CrossRef]
  • Migdal, M. J., Hewstone, M., & Mullen, B. (1998). The effects of crossed categorization on intergroup evaluations: A meta-analysis . British Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 303–324 .
  • Miller, N., Urban, L. M., & Vanman, E. J. (1998). A theoretical analysis of crossed social categorization effects. In C. Sedikides, J. Schopler, & C. Insko (Eds.), Intergroup cognition and intergroup behavior. Hillsdale: Erlbaum .
  • Monteith, M. J., Devine, P. G., & Zuwerink, J. R. (1993). Self-directed versus other-directed affect as a consequence of prejudice-related discrepancies . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 198–210 .[CrossRef]
  • Pedersen, W. C., Bushman, B. J., Vasquez, E. A., Phillips, C. M., & Miller, N. (2001). The moderating effects of target attributes on triggered displaced aggression. Manuscript submitted for publication.
  • Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (1998). Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 811–832 .[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (2001). Responses to other-imposed pro-Black pressure: Acceptance or backlash? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 486–501 .[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Rogers, R. W., & Prentice-Dunn, S. (1981). Deindividuation and anger-mediated interracial aggression: Unmasking regressive racism . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 63–73 .[CrossRef]
  • Rosenberg, M. (1969). The conditions and consequences of evaluation apprehension. In R. Rosenthal & R. L. Rosnow (Eds.), Artifact in behavioral research(pp. 279–349). New York: Academic Press .
  • Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1969). Artifact in behavioral research. New York: Academic Press .
  • Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1985). Contrast analysis: Focused comparisons in the analysis of variance. New York: Cambridge University Press .
  • Sobel, M. (1982). Asympototic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology(pp. 290–312). San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass .
  • Stangor, C., Lynch, L., Duan, C., & Glass, B. (1992). Categorization of individuals on the basis of multiple social features . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 207–218 .[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Stangor, C., Sullivan, L. A., & Ford, T. E. (1991). Affective and cognitive determinants of prejudice . Social Cognition, 9, 359–380 .
  • Stricker, L. J. (1963). Acquiescence and social desirability response styles, item characteristics, and conformity . Psychological Reports, 12, 319–341 .
  • Tassinary, L. G., Cacioppo, J. T., & Geen, T. R. (1989). A psychometric study of surface electrode placements for facial electromyographic recording: I. The brow and cheek muscle regions . Psychophysiology, 26, 1–16 .[ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Urada, D., & Miller, N. (2000). The impact of positive mood and category importance on crossed categorization effects . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 417–433 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Urban, L. M., & Miller, N. (1998). A theoretical analysis of crossed categorization effects: A metaanalysis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 894–908 .[CrossRef]
  • Vanman, E. J., Paul, B. Y., Ito, T. A., & Miller, N. (1997). The modern face of prejudice and structural features that moderate the effect of cooperation on affect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 941–959 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (1997). Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 262–274 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Zuwerink, J. R., Monteith, M. J., Devine, P. G., & Cook, D. A. (1996). Prejudice toward blacks: With and without compunction? Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 18, 131–150 .

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?



This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Ensari, N.
Right arrow Articles by Miller, N.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?