Group Processes & Intergroup Relations

 

Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (1)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Hong, Y.-y.
Right arrow Articles by Hansen, I. G.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?
Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, Vol. 9, No. 2, 265-288 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/1368430206062081

Temporal Causal Links Between Outgroup Attitudes and Social Categorization: The Case of Hong Kong 1997 Transition

Ying-yi Hong

Hsin-ya Liao

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Gloria Chan

Chinese University of Hong Kong

Rosanna Y. M. Wong

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Chi-yue Chiu

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Grace Wai-man Ip

Hong Kong Shue Yan College

Ho-ying Fu

Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Ian G. Hansen

University of British Columbia, Canada

Social identity theories have posited that people's social categorization renders ingroup favoritism and outgroup discrimination. However, studies conducted during political transitions (South Africa's democratic election and East-West German unification) have revealed mixed directions of the causal links between social categorization and intergroup attitudes. To further address this issue, we conducted two longitudinal studies during the handover of Hong Kong in 1997. Study 1 revealed mixed temporal causal links between Hong Kong participants' social categorization and their attitudes toward Chinese Mainlanders across four waves. In Study 2, we conducted a summer camp in which Hong Kong participants came into contact with new immigrants from Mainland China. In this condition, Hong Kong participants' prior attitudes toward Mainlanders predicted their subsequent social categorization. These findings were interpreted in terms of intergroup relations during political transitions.

Key Words: identity • outgroup attitudes • political transition • social categorization

References

  • Abrams, D., Hinkle, S., & Tomlins, M. (1999). Leaving Hong Kong? The roles of attitude, subjective norm, perceived control, social identity and relative deprivation . International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23, 319–338 .
  • Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley .
  • Bentler, P. M. (1989). EQS structural equation program manual [Computer program manual]. Los Angeles: BMDP Statistical Software .
  • Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS: Structural equations program manual[Computer program manual]. Encino, CA: Multivariate Statistical Software .
  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equation with latent variables. New York: Wiley .
  • Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 475–482 .[Abstract]
  • Brewer, M. B. (1999). Multiple identities and identity transition: Implications for Hong Kong . International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23, 187–197 .[CrossRef]
  • Brewer, M. B., & Miller, N. (1984). Beyond the contact hypothesis: Theoretical perspectives on desegregation. In N. Miller & M. B. Brewer (Eds.), Groups in contact: The psychology of desegregation (pp. 281–302). Orlando, FL: Academic Press .
  • Brown, R. J., & Wade, G. (1987). Superordinate goals and intergroup behaviour: The effect of role ambiguity and status on intergroup attitudes and task performance . European Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 131–142 .
  • Chau, A., Chiu, C., & Foo, L. (1998). Hongkonger's perception of new migrants from Mainland China. In R. Ramos, J. R. Dinis, R. Wilson, & D. Y. Yuan (Eds.), Macau and its neighbors toward the 21th century(pp. 3–12). Macau: Publication Center of University of Macau .
  • Chiu, C., & Hong, Y. (1999). Social identification in a political transition: The role of implicit beliefs . International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23, 297–318 .[CrossRef]
  • Cook, S. W. (1957). Desegregation: A psychological analysis . American Psychologist, 12, 1–13 .
  • Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin .
  • DeGolyer, M. E. (1997). Political culture and public opinion. In Y. S. Cheng (Eds.), The other Hong Kong report 1997(pp. 169–206). Hong Kong: Chinese University Press .
  • Deschamps, J. C., & Brown, R. J. (1983). Superordinate goals and intergroup conflict . British Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 189–195 .
  • Dovidio, J., Gaertner, S. L., & Loux, S. (2000). Subjective experiences and intergroup relations: The role of positive affect. In H. Bless & J. P. Forgas (Eds.), The message within: The role of subjective experience in social cognition and behavior (pp. 340–371). Philadelphia: Psychology Press .
  • Dovidio, J., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner,S. L. (2000). Reducing contemporary prejudice: Combating explicit and implicit bias at the individual and intergroup level. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination(pp. 137–164). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum .
  • Duckitt, J., & Mphuthing, T. (1998). Group identification and intergroup attitudes: A longitudinal analysis in South Africa . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 80–85 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Fu, H., Lee, S., Chiu, C., & Hong, Y. (1999). Setting the frame of mind for social identity . International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23, 199–214 .
  • Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Anastasio, P. A., Bachman, B. A., & Rust, M. C. (1993). The common ingroup identity model: Recategorization and the reduction of intergroup bias . European Review of Social Psychology, 4, 1–26 .
  • Gaertner, S. L., Rust, M. C., Dovidio, J. F., Bachman, B. A., & Anastasio, P. A. (1994). The contact hypothesis: The role of a common ingroup identity in reducing intergroup bias . Small Group Research, 25, 224–249 .[Abstract]
  • Hewstone, M. (1996). Contact and categorization: Social psychological interventions to change intergroup relations. In C. N. MacRae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 323–368). New York: Guilford .
  • Hewstone, M., & Brown, R. (1986). Contact is not enough: An intergroup perspective. In M. Hewstone & R. Brown (Eds.), Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters(pp. 1–44). Oxford, UK: Blackwell .
  • Ho, D. Y. F., Chau, A. W. L., Chiu, C., & Peng, S. Q. (2003). Ideological orientation and political transition in Hong Kong: Confidence in the future . Political Psychology, 24, 403–413 .[CrossRef]
  • Hong, Y., Chan, G., Chiu, C., Wong, R. Y. M., Hansen, I. G., Lee, S., et al. (2003). How are social identities linked to self-conception and intergroup orientation? The moderating effect of implicit theories . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 1147–1160 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Hong, Y., Chiu, C., Yeung, G., & Tong, Y. (1999). Social comparison during political transition: Interaction of entity versus incremental beliefs and social identities . International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23, 257–279 .[CrossRef]
  • Hong, Y., Coleman, J., Chan, G., Wong, R. Y. M., Chiu, C., Hansen, I. G., et al. (2004). Predicting intergroup bias: The interactive effects of implicit theory and social identity . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1035–1047 .[Abstract]
  • Hornsey, M. J., & Hogg, M. A. (1999) Subgroup differentiation as a response to an overly-inclusive group: A test of optimal-distinctiveness theory . European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 543–550 .[CrossRef]
  • Hornsey, M. J., & Hogg, M. A. (2000). Subgroup relations: A comparison of the mutual intergroup differentiation and common ingroup identity models of prejudice reduction . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 242–256 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification . Psychological Methods, 3, 424–453 .
  • Jackman, M. R., & Crane, M. (1986). ‘Some of my best friends are black...’: Interracial friendship and whites' racial attitudes . Public Opinion Quarterly, 50, 459–486 .[CrossRef][ISI]
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2002). LISREL (Version 8.52) [Computer software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Science Software International .
  • Kessler, T., & Mummendey, A. (2001). Is there any scapegoat around? Determinants of intergroup conflicts at different categorization levels . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1090–1102 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Lam, S., Lau, I. Y., Chiu, C., Hong, Y., & Peng, S. (1999). Differential emphases on modernity and Confucian values in social categorization: The case of Hong Kong adolescents in political transition . International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23, 237–256 .[CrossRef]
  • Marx, A. W. (1997). Apartheid's end: South Africa's transition from racial domination . Ethnic and Racial Studies, 20, 3-3, 474–497 .
  • McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses . Psychological Methods, 7, 64–82 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Pettigrew, T. F. (1961). Social psychology and desegregation research . American Psychologist, 16, 105–112 .[CrossRef]
  • Pettigrew, T. F. (1975). Trends in research on racial discrimination. In T. F. Pettigrew (Ed.), Racial discrimination in the United States(pp. 11–34). New York: Harper & Row .
  • Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory . Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65–85 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Pettigrew, T., & Meertens, R. (1994). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe . European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 77–103 .
  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2000). Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Recent meta-analytic findings. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination. (pp. 93–114). Mahweh, NJ: Erlbaum .
  • Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2000). A first course in structural equation modeling. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum .
  • Schmitt, M., & Maes, J. (2002). Stereotypic ingroup bias as self-defense against relative deprivation: Evidence from a longitudinal study of the German unification process . European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 309–326 .[CrossRef]
  • Sherif, M., Harvey, O. J., White, B. J., Hood, W. R., & Sherif, C. W. (1954). Intergroup conflict and cooperation: The Robber's Cave experiment. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Book Exchange .
  • Sherif, M., & Sherif, C. (1953). Groups in harmony and tension. New York: Harper .
  • Sigelman, L., & Welch, S. (1993). The contact hypothesis revisited: Black–white interaction and positive racial attitudes . Social Forces, 71, 781–795 .[CrossRef]
  • Steiger, J. H. (1989). EzPATH: A supplementary module for SYSTAT and SYGRAPG. Evanston, IL: SYSTAT .
  • Tajfel, H. (1969). Cognitive aspects of prejudice . Journal of Social Issues, 25, 79–97 .
  • Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination . Scientific American, 223, 96–102 .[ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Tong, Y., Hong, Y., Lee, S., & Chiu, C. (1999). Language use as a carrier of social identity . International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23, 281–296 .
  • Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., & McGarty, C. (1994). Self and collective: Cognition and social context . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 454–463 .[Abstract]

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?



This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (1)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Hong, Y.-y.
Right arrow Articles by Hansen, I. G.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?